If “change” could always be expressed as a signal, perhaps music representations would be simpler, but in practice, “change” often arises from discrete events, for example key presses on a musical keyboard. In the next paragraphs, we will introduce some …

Functional programming, especially for real-time systems, is not very popular. Another way to model audio computation graphs is with objects and object-oriented programming. In this approach, we do not view sounds as “values” and we do not rely on the …